پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 16، پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Fish has played an important role in the social and economic history of Iran in different periods .The diversity of fish species and Its role of the entertainment Safavid kings, the government's income and the people's food supply, Also, his image is engraved on some common coins and hand-woven carpets indicate the importance This aquatic phenomenon in the Safavid period. this research has descriptive-analytical method,investigated the multifaceted role of fish in the social and economic conditions of the Safavid era. The main question in this study is what role can aquatic animals like fish have in the social and economic life of a society in a particular historical period such as the Safavids? Research findings indicate that although fish species are abundant in different regions of the Safavid realm, fish meat has a very small role in the food habits of the people and in the Safavid court and their tastes are mostly red meat and other white meats. Also the tradition of fish hunting is one of the traditions that has been considered as a tradition since the time of King Ismail in Gilan, and he and the other Safavid kings have a particular interest in this tradition and entertainment so that days or months in They do this by the rivers and lakes.The role of fish on hand-woven carpets and minted Floss coins in cities near rivers and lakes is also an important reason for the importance of this aquatic phenomenon in the beliefs of people and rulers.

Pious Foundation have always had importance and prevalence throughout IRAN history . Although most pious foundations have done by men, studings show the existence pious foundations by woman so that we see woman in argued periods during local and non-local characters tically and masculine history of YAZD that had an effective role in political, social and economical fields especially in pious foundation whose effects have remained strongly until now. The following research that has been done on library studings and data and documents and by descriptive and analytical method, wants to show the importance and spread of woman’s role in pious foundation position in YAZD in specified period of time and answer the following basic questions: In which era, do woman have more participation in pious foundation? What is the social status of woman who were pious founders and what is their motive for pious foundation? Studings show since AL-MOZZAFAR until SAFAVI era royal woman have participated in pious foundation as men have done so. But since SAFAVI era woman from average status have dedicated their wealth with clergy encouragement for preaching SHIA religion and since GHAJAR era this role developed more. It shows woman’s higher status and their financial independence in this period.

During Reza Shah’s monarchy in Iran (1941-1925), political, social and economic structures of Iran witnessed extensive revolution. Given the economic passivity and weakness of constitutional governments, most of experts emphasized on the necessity of economic revolution in Iran and they believed that Pahlavi government was bound and capable of implementing economic revolution in Iran. In responding to these demands, Reza Shah’s government influenced by German nationalist discourse tried ti implement nationalist and centralized theories in Iran. During that time, one of the significant evolutions in Germany was the foundation of national economy theory based on Friedrich List’s theories- German nationalist economist. His economic theories known as “National Economy Theory” were written in the mid-19the century which emphasized on nationalism, economic centralization and nationalization of all national economic resources. The main question of this article is: what national economic measures were taken during Reza Shah’s government and how they were related to Friedrich List’s theories? Hence, the authors of the present article investigate this subject through descriptive- analytic method. The findings of present study indicate that relying in national discourse and the support of some Iranian intellectuals, the modern absolute government of Reza Shah tried to make evolutions at different economic fields in order to provide required ground for the development of national economy and merging the small local economies in this economy.

Identification documents are among a number of identifying tools in any nation. These are used to show the identity of the individual in the society. One of these documents is the MSCC (Military Service Completion Card). The present document is among the important documents which reveal a great deal of information on the political, military and social activities of Iran. Based on the important developments in the era of Pahlavi especially with regard to modernization of the government and also in the regulations for enlisting to the army, the MSCC became very important. The Military service Exemption cards were also very important. These cards have undergone several changes, affecting both their form and content. The present study attempts to deal with the basic question of how the MSCC has been structurally formed and also how the MSEC been formed in Iran. What have been the functions of these important documents. This study intends to first deal with ID documents and their various kinds and the system of military enlistment. It follows a descriptive analytical approach. It focuses on the MSCC as an ID card during the Pahlavi Era. The results of the study reveal that the structure and content of the MSCC follows the discourse of the bureaucratic governmental regime and the military dominant conditions.

The Qajar period coincided with the great political and economic developments of the nineteenth century in Europe. Due to its important geographical and strategic location, Iran has become the focus of attention and competition among the great European powers, and various groups of political and military officials, followed by foreign travelers and tourists, have made this country their field of research. a group of scholars emerged as orientalists and Iranologists to be sent to the Orient to study various scientific fields. The of Shiraz, which at that time was an important center of urbanization and trade, and in addition due to its historical and cultural antiquity, has always been of interest to foreign tourists, in this period also the special attention of French and Russian travelers to some extent. It is noteworthy that almost all of them have recorded valuable information about this city; That's why travelogues left by these people are so important because of their social and cultural content. With a descriptive-analytical approach this study seeks to answer the question of what has been the social situation of Shiraz in the Qajar era from the perspective of Oriental studies? the accurate and valuable information of these travelogues about Shiraz, and their different narratives due to their job class or mission, all of them seek to portray a kind of self-optimism about their Western culture and the other. The east has collapsed, here Iran and especially Shiraz were the Qajar period.

 The Nasiri period can be considered one of the most important periods in the history of Iran. During this period extensive contact with Europe awakened the Iranians. Awareness of the developments in Europe had caused the Iranian revolutionaries to call for the strengthening of the means of communication to acquire the components of the power of the Europeans. The press could play a decisive role in awakening Iranians and transmitting the foundations of modernism. From Akhtar's point of view, this study aims to address the importance of the press in the modernization of Iran and to determine in what aspects the press could contribute to Iran's modernization. European developments played a decisive role in introducing modernism. According to the editors of Akhtar newspaper, the press, while leading to the development of other developed countries, facilitated the generalization of knowledge and in domestic affairs, by protecting the law, was introduced as the first mediator of reforms and the language of the nation in the country's progress. In the present study an attempt will be made to examine the position of the press in the modernization of Iran in an analytical descriptive manner based on the contents of the Akhtar newspaper.

During the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (1264-1313 AH) there were many silver Qirans between the years 1264-1294 AH. He was beaten in Yazd Mint. Although the Naserite coinage system was nominally a follower of the Tehran system, in practice each city had an autonomous military system, and the coins of most cities were struck with different amounts of silver purity. In addition to measuring the purity of silver and its changes in the coins minted in Yazd, this article explains the economic power of Yazd and compares it with the main cities of Qajar Iran, namely Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan, and Shiraz. Therefore, the elemental analysis of coins of this period was the main basis of this study using pixie method and 22 coins in 11 different dates were analyzed as a result of the trend of changes in silver purity on average throughout this period. Multiplication of 90.09%, explained and its high position in terms of silver purity compared to the mints of Mashhad (84%), Tabriz (82%), Tehran (90%), Isfahan (84%), and Shiraz (90%) ), Determined. Finally, valuable information was obtained on the type of silver mines used, namely the Cerussite mines and how the coins were minted with copper and iron metals.

the oil industry of iran during the period in 1954-63 was a growing trend in terms of qualitative and qualitative terms. A total of factors contributed to the rise in Iran " s crude oil production and prices as a result of abundant foreign exchange revenues and a large portion of those revenues were invested in development development projects in different sectors. cham 's plan is one of the most important infrastructure projects , which in line with the general policy of development in the iranian oil industry in 1963 - 7 sh , with investment and participation of the national oil company of iran and the oil and government companies through the third development plan was implemented . this analytical - historical research seeks to examine the objectives and functions of the plan and its effects in the iranian oil industry by using library study and documentary studies . the findings of the research show that the plan aimed to improve the quality and quality of iran 's oil export and oil export centers and lead to improve the economic and infrastructural indicators , increase facilities , productivity and export of iran crude oil.

The first bill from among the white Revolution bills was land reform which was administered by Mohammad Reza Shah in 1340. One of the main purposes of land reform law was overthrowing feudalism and feudalistic relations. Fars province as one of the biggest provinces of the country was not excluded from such law. By the commencment of land reform implementation, the owners losing their Lands and properties through such law opposed to its implementation. This is a descriptive and analytical study, making use of historical documents and resources, and aims at finding answers to the attitudes of sheriff's residing in northern parts of Fars Province toward the land reform law. Results indicated that some sheriffs depriving from their previous rights decided to oppose the land reform law and did not co-operate with the state officials in implementing such law. On the other hand, they started to fire the farmers from their villages, confiscate their properties, and loot their agricultural products in order to show their dissatisfaction to the land reform law. Of course, , in some rare cases in northern parts of Fars province, some sheriffs decided to co-operate with land reform officials in decreasing the Taxes paid by the Farmers. However, the complete implementation of the land reform law was not reached till the Islamic revolution came into vogue.

Abstract There are deep relations between History and humanities especially economics and History via interdisciplinary studies from methodic and epistemic and research subjects. Any lessons didn't was with economics approach in History discipline's program for several decades. Therefore that is question that how did been interactions between History and in educational programs of History discipline from establishment since now? How was changed this interactions in during times? What were factors important at this way? This article attempted shoed whit explanation method analyzed relation between History and economics from aspect function's concepts and subjects of economics and measurement and analyzing these interactions. This research concluded economics place increased in educational programs of History discipline after every review. So social science's maters increased upper surface in last review. Key words: History's discipline, economics, in educational programs, interdisciplinary studies.

In Medina the Prophet (PBUH) was faced with several faults and problems with the social order arising from the structure of relationships based on the values and norms of the Age of Ignorance, social capitals in those relationships, and non-conformity of some members of the social network with reformation of the structure of the relationships. On the other hand, Koranic evidence and transmitted-historical sources testify to the ubiquitous presence of the category of trust in, and agreement with the Prophet (PBUH) among another group of Muslims. This article aims to identify and explain the basis and conditions for the formation of the phenomenon of trust in the Prophet (PBUH) as well as actions/reactions by him, the trusting and trust-avoiding groups, and their behavioral outcomes in Muslims’ social network.   Due to the lack of a hypothesis, this study simultaneously collected data in a purposeful manner and determined the sample size based on theoretical saturation, using the paradigmatic model of the methodical approach of the grounded theory through constant comparative analysis. According to the research findings, the basis for the trust in the Prophet (PBUH) was emotional and cognitive and the reflection of the trust is observed in the camaraderie and agreement among, and moldability of the trusting group under the influence of the Prophet (PBUH). The formation of the trust was accounted for by the Prophet’s qualitative, extensive and constant communication and interaction with such action components as the human touch, honoring people, affection, forbearance, emotional stability, righteousness, decidedness, acumen, and responsibility against the background of a social order based on humiliation, discrimination, neurosis, and revenge in the Age of Ignorance. By nullifying the measures taken by the trust-avoiding group, the strategies adopted by The Holy Prophet and the trusting group improved and facilitated interactions in Muslims’ social network.

Qajar’s vicissitudinous era is getting many researchers attention in various fields of humanities. However, in the field of criminological studies this period has been neglected. The issue of this article is to study the underlying factors of the occurrence of crime in this era. This descriptive-analytical study based on the contents of first-hand historical sources have shown that the factors are derived from the socio-political structure of Iran in this period such as authoritarian rule and kingship, leading to phenomena of societal class, lack of security, migration, lack of enforceable law and, governmental, military, judicial and cultural corruption. The occurrence of these phenomena lead to increasing of poverty, unemployment, migration and thin agriculture and domestic and traditional production. According to criminological theories, these phenomena and bottlenecks provide and accelerate the causal roots of the occurrence of crime in the Qajar era.